: Timing is indicated by the horizontal spacing of "sound words" and images across the page.

: The score distinguishes between "basic material" (a glossary of comic sounds) and specific "scenes" enclosed by bars. 2. Vocal Techniques and Sound Palette

: The score features three horizontal lines representing Low , Medium , and High vocal registers. The position of a word or drawing relative to these lines tells the performer which pitch to use.

Unlike traditional sheet music, the consists of drawings, sound-words, and symbols that communicate instructions visually rather than through standard notes on a five-line staff.

: The size and shape of letters suggest dynamics and duration; squashed letters imply speed, while stretched letters indicate a held vocalization. Larger drawings often signify louder sounds (nuance).

(1966) by Cathy Berberian is a landmark in avant-garde music, famously merging the high art of contemporary vocal performance with the "low-brow" world of comic book onomatopoeia. Written for solo voice, this a cappella work is celebrated not only for its humor and theatricality but also for its revolutionary graphic score , illustrated by the Italian artist Roberto Zamarin . 1. Understanding the Graphic Score